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ЦБ готовится к переходу к регулированию розничного кредитования на основании долговой нагрузки граждан. Банк России должен определиться с методикой до следующего года. Банкиры указывают на риски ограничения доступа к заимствованиям для граждан из-за введения нового подхода.
Вчера ЦБ опубликовал доклад «Об оценке рисков заемщиков-физлиц на основе показателей долговой нагрузки». В нем регулятор обобщил мировую практику, идеи подобного регулирования в России и предложил участникам рынка поделиться своими соображениями. Сбор мнений — до 15 марта.
В докладе регулятор описывает два подхода: регулирование на основании соотношения совокупного долга (по всем кредитам и займам) физлица к его годовому доходу — DTI или же на отношении среднемесячного размера суммарных платежей (по всем ссудам) к среднему месячному доходу — PTI. DTI легче в расчете, но регулятору сложно определить уровень, при котором вероятность дефолта заемщика существенно возрастает. Для этого необходимы исторические данные о дефолтности, которых в России в достаточном объеме нет. PTI прост в применении для ЦБ — чем ближе к 100%, тем выше вероятность дефолта,— но требует финансовых затрат для кредиторов на обобщение данных БКИ (см. «Ъ» от 9 февраля) и переход на данные о доходах заемщиков из Пенсионного фонда России.
Несмотря на то что PTI удобнее для ЦБ, игнорировать банки, от которых зависит оперативность внедрения этого подхода, регулятор не может. В конце прошлого года президент Владимир Путин поручил ЦБ и правительству подготовить предложения по ограничению прав кредиторов на истребование просроченной задолженности с физлиц, если при выдаче кредита показатель долговой нагрузки был выше установленного ЦБ уровня. Срок исполнения — 1 марта 2017 года. На прошлой неделе замглавы Минфина Алексей Моисеев говорил, что ограничение кредитования физлиц по уровню долговой нагрузки в России может заработать в стране в полную силу в 2018 году. Внедрение в розничном кредитовании регулирования на основании долговой нагрузки заемщиков «позволит снизить формирование пузырей на финансовых рынках», отмечается в докладе ЦБ.
Принципиальным вопросом является выбор ссуд, к которым будет применяться регулирование на основании долговой нагрузки. Тут есть варианты: только для обеспеченных ссуд (ипотека, автокредиты), для всех ссуд от определенной суммы, вообще для всех ссуд. Этот вопрос регулятор также адресовал банкам. В мировой практике обычно такой подход наиболее распространен в отношении ипотеки (Норвегия, Канада, Южная Корея, Израиль, Ирландия, Великобритания, Гонконг). Ко всем розничным кредитам регулирование, исходя из долговой нагрузки, применяют в Литве, Сингапуре, Венгрии, на Кипре.
Финансисты считают, что при малых суммах применение регулирования по долговой нагрузке не нужно. По словам участников рынка, при суммах до 100-150 тыс. руб. нет смысла так глубоко копать. Использовать подобные показатели целесообразно для крупных сумм, когда заемщик берет ипотеку или автокредит, полагает глава розничных рисков Альфа-банка Сергей Турищев. Для микрофинансовых организаций (МФО) подобные показатели — неработающий инструмент, отмечает главный исполнительный директор компании «Домашние деньги» Андрей Бахвалов. «МФО работают с сегментом людей, доходы которых в среднем до 30 тыс. руб.,— поясняет он.— И эти люди зачастую имеют неподтвержденный или непостоянный доход, и получить достоверную информацию по нему просто невозможно».
При этом внедрять новый подход следует осторожно. Регулирование розничного кредитования на основании долговой нагрузки граждан сопряжено с рисками ограничения доступа к заимствованиям для граждан, указывает зампред правления Райффайзенбанка Андрей Степаненко.
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